09 November 2008

Russia: A New University Architecture


Nick Holdsworth of University World News reports on a radical restructuring plan prepared by Russia’s Ministry of Education concerning the country’s public university system. According to the plan that is currently under consideration at the Russian parliament, public research-driven universities will be reorganized on the basis of new, rather concentrated, ‘federal networks’.

The new architecture will largely be based on two experiments that the Ministry implemented last year. Two pilot federal universities were established through the merge and integration of several institutions; one in Rostov-on-Don, southern Russia, and the other one in the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk.

Holdsworth believes that the scheme is part of a wide-ranging set of proposals under a Kremlin plan to improve Russia's socio-economic infrastructure. It will allow the State to:
1. target resources effectively on specialized research-driven universities
2. expand lifelong training program offerings

“The network of new universities is intended [to address] strategic problems of innovative development,” Education Minister Andrei Fursenko told members of the Russian parliament.

Russia's future 'Ivy League' will receive specially targeted funds to ensure that they have state-of-the-art information systems and the best qualified staff. These institutions will offer bachelors and masters programs, and will collaborate closely with businesses and scientific research centers. They will also be encouraged to develop close partnerships with foreign universities, the Education Minister said.

The Minister hopes that by concentrating resources, Russian universities can climb up the league table of world universities; a subject that Russian rectors are highly sensitive about. The recent publication of international university league tables by The Times Higher Education placed Moscow State University in 183rd place, below some Thai and Indian institutions. This brought a sharp rebuke from the University's president (rector), Mr. Viktor Sadovnichy, who claimed the ratings were based on flawed data, and had ignored the university's rather high staff-student ratio and the high number of international students and visiting professors (some of the criteria used by The Times Higher Education ratings).

Establishing lifelong education schemes to ensure Russian graduates with opportunities to update their skills throughout their careers is also one of the major objectives of Fursenko's reforms.

In order to monitor the new architecture, a set of quality assurance agencies for public, private and vocational training programs will be established.

It is to be seen if a similar plan will be devised in Armenia 2-3 years from now as for the ruling Armenian elite Russia remains the main source of inspiration and, in many cases, pure imitation. For the time being, however, no one in the Armenian leadership seems concerned about the country’s research-driven universities and their total absence from global league tables.
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Books on Global Trends in Innovation


The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that regroups the world’s most developed countries has recently published 3 interesting books dealing with the current trends in innovation and R&D; both at macro/general and at enterprise level.

The Global Competition for Talent: Mobility of the Highly Skilled

This report (to download the abstract in PDF, please click here) deals with the international mobility of highly skilled workers which, according to the book, is increasing in scale and complexity as more countries participate in R&D and innovation activity.

Mobile talent diffuses knowledge both directly and indirectly across borders. This can boost global innovation performance, with benefits accruing to both sending (this a highly controversial claim concerning a phenomenon usually called brain-drain) and receiving countries. It is clear that mobility is leading to an increasing level of labor-market internationalization and integration, and competition for talent is now influencing innovation policy initiatives across the globe.

The authors believe that most developed countries offer a range of policies focused on assisting and encouraging mobility, although few have a specific and coherent mobility strategy.

The publication draws on analytical literature, the most recent data available and policy inventories and evaluations undertaken by some OECD countries in order to discuss the dimensions, significance and policy implications of international flows of human resources in science and technology.

Science, Technology & Industry Outlook 2008

Another recent report (to download the summary in PDF, please click here) discusses the global and changing patterns of science, technology and innovation. This includes the implications for science and innovation policy; the steps that countries are taking to boost their capabilities in science, technology and innovation; and the contribution of science and innovation to growth and social goals.

The book reviews key trends in OECD countries as well as several non OECD-member economies including Brazil, Chile, China, Israel, Russia and South Africa. Using the latest available data and indicators, the book examines topics such as science and innovation performance, trends in national science, and technology and innovation policies.

The report shows that the global distribution of R&D continues to change. After expanding at 19 percent annually in real terms 2001-06, China’s expenditure on R&D reached 86.8 billion USD in 2006. Russia’s investment in R&D climbed from 9 billion USD in 1996 to 20 billion USD in 2006, and India’s reached 23.7 billion USD in 2004. As a result, non-OECD economies account for around 18.4 percent of global R&D in 2005, up from 11.7 percent in 1996.

According to the report, in 2005, the shares of world R&D expenditure in 3 main OECD regions were around 35 percent for the U.S., 24 percent for the E.U., and 14 percent for Japan. While Japan has maintained its global share since 2000, the U.S.’s share fell by more than 3 percentage points owing to very slow growth in business R&D expenditure, and the E.U.’s share fell by 2 percentage points.

The 2008 edition includes individual profiles of science and innovation performance in several countries including 2 of the countries covered on this blog:
> Russia (to download, please click here)
> Turkey (to download, please click here)

Open Innovation in Global Networks

The third book (to browse online, please click here) examines the internationalization process of knowledge-intensive corporate functions, including R&D. This trend is meant to reduce risk and costs for the business sector and at the same time opens corporate innovation processes to external partners such as suppliers, customers, and universities.

The book discusses the factors that drive these global innovation networks across different industries and their relationship to companies' overall strategies.

The report draws heavily on a large number of company case studies in various countries that were undertaken by national experts. It also builds on information in a chapter of the OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2006 on the internationalization of R&D; a volume entitled The Internationalization of Business R&D: Evidence, Impacts and Implications, published by the OECD in June 2008; and discussions at a symposium on open innovation in global networks (Copenhagen, February 2008).

All 3 books can be purchased through the OECD online bookstore.
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Contradictory Reports on Russian ICT


According to the All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion, via Kommersant Russian daily, the majority of Russians (69 percent) do not use the Internet at all. In 2006, that proportion was 76 percent.

Eleven percent of respondents use the Internet everyday (up from 5 percent in 2006). Nine percent use the Internet several times a week, 7 percent several times a month and 3 percent rarely, but at least twice a year. The poll was conducted 20-21 September and 4-5 October of this year in 140 settlements in 42 regions. The margin of error is 3.4 percent.

The low penetration rate has not however affected continued revenue growth in the ICT sector. Communication Direct News reports that Russia's Ministry of Communications and Mass Media has indicated that in the first 6 months of 2008, revenues from wireless services increased by 23 percent on the previous year to 252 billion rubles (10.7 billion USD). Revenue from data services, including the Internet access, rose by 31.5 percent year-on-year to 50.4 billion rubles.

Communication Direct believes that the revenue figures give some indication of subscriber trends in Russia. As such, mobile telephony can be seen to be the main driver of the sector, while Internet services is the fastest-growing area, a trend likely to continue for some time. With data services being heavily promoted by mobile operators, revenues from the mobile sector can be expected to increase, while the ever-growing popularity of broadband will continue to drive uptake of Internet services, particularly in greater Moscow and St Petersburg regions.

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